Teori Konsumsi
Faktor-Faktor Yg Mempengaruhi
- Faktor Ekonomi, (pendapatan, kekayaan,
tingkat bunga, perkiraan masa depan, dll)
- Faktor Demografi, (Jumlah penduduk,
komposisi penduduk, dll)
- Faktor Non Ekonomi, (sosial budaya
masyarakat, selera/kebiasaan, prestise/aktualisasi diri, dll)
Teori Konsumsi Keynes
Jhon Maynard Keynes
Jhon Maynard Keynes
Ada hubungan antara konsumsi ( C )
dengan pendapatan. Bentuk hubungannya Positif. Semakin besar pendapatan,
maka semakin besar pula pengeluaran konsumsi
Hubungan antara C, Yd dan S
- Fungsi Konsumsi : C = C0 +
bY atau C = C0 + bYd
- C0 = Outonomous Consumption /
konsumsi otonom yaitu besarnya pengeluaran konsumsi yang harus dipenuhi
ada atau tidak adanya pendapatan
- b = Marginal Provensity to Consume ( MPC
), 0 < MPC < 1
- MPC = ∆C/∆Y
- Yd = Y – Tr +Tx yaitu pendapatan yang
siap dipakai setelah dikurangi transfer of payment (Tr) dan
tax/pajak (Tx)
- Titik Impas : (Y1C1)
Faktor - Faktor Penentu Tingkat Konsumsi
1.
Pendapatan
rumah tangga (Household income), semakin besar pendapatan, semakin besar
pula pengeluaran untuk konsumsi.
2.
Kekayaan
rumah tangga (Household wealth), semakin besar kekayaan, tingkat konsumsi juga
akan menjadi semakin tinggi. Kekayaan misalnya berupa saham, deposito
berjangka, dan kendaraan bermotor.
3.
Prakiran
masa depan (Household expectations), bila masyarakat memperkirakan harga
barang-barang akan mengalami kenaikan, maka mereka akan lebih banyak
membeli/belanja barang-barang.
4.
Tingkat
bunga (Interest rate), bila tingkat bunga tabungan tinggi/naik, maka masyarakat
merasa lebih untung jika uangnya ditabung daripada dibelanjakan. berarti antara
tingkat bunga dengan tingkat konsumsi memepunyai korelasi negatif.
5.
Pajak (Taxation),
pengenaan pajak akan menurunkan pendapatan disposable yang diterima masyarakat,
akibatnya akan menurunkan konsumsinya.
6.
Jumlah dan
Konsunsi penduduk, jumlah penduduk yang banyak akan memperbesar pengeluaran
konsumsi. Sedangkan komposisi penduduk yang didominasi penduduk usia
produktif/usia kerja (15-64 tahun) akan memperbesar tingkat konsumsi.
7.
Faktor
sosial budaya, misalnya, berubahnya pola kebiasaan makan, perubahan etika dan
tata nilai karena ingin meniru kelompok masyarakat lain yang dianggap lebih
modern. Contohnya adalah berubahnya kebiasaan oranng Indonesia berbelanja dari
pasar tradisional ke pasar swalayan (super market).
Fungsi Tabungan
- Tabungan adalah selisih antara
pendapatan dengan konsumsi
- Y = C + S
- S = Y – C
- S = Y – (C0 + bY)
- S = Y – C0 – bY
- Jadi :
S = -C0
+ ( 1 – b) Y
Keterangan
- -C0 = besarnya tabungan pada
saat pendapatan konsumen nol, nilainya negatif karena pendapatan nol tdk
mungkin menabung
- (1 – b) = Marginal Provensity to Saving
(MPS)
- 0 < MPS < 1
- MPC = ∆S/∆Y
- Titik Impas : (Y , 0 ) dimana S = 0
- Jadi :
MPC + MPS = 1
theory of Consumption
Factors Affecting clincher
1.
Economic
Factors, ( income , wealth , interest rates , future estimates , etc. )
2.
Demographic
Factors , ( total population , population composition , etc. )
3.
Non-
Economic Factors , ( social culture , tastes / habits , prestige /
self-actualization , etc. )
Consumption Theory Keynes
John Maynard Keynes
There is a relationship between consumption (
C ) with income . Positive forms of relationship . The greater the income , the
greater the consumption expenditure
The relationship between C , Yd and S
1.
Consumption
Function : C = C0 + bY + or C = C0 BYD
2.
C0 =
Outonomous Consumption / autonomous consumption expenditure is the amount of
consumption that must be fulfilled presence or absence of income
3.
B = Marginal
Provensity to Consume ( MPC ) , 0 < MPC < 1
4.
The MPC = ΔC
/ ΔY
5.
Yd = Y - Tr
+ Tx is ready to use income net of transfer payments ( Tr ) and tax / tax ( Tx
)
6.
Breakeven
Point : ( Y1C1 )
Factors - Determinants of Consumption
1.
Household
income , the greater the income , the greater the consumption expenditure .
2.
Household
wealth , the greater the wealth , the consumption rate will also be higher.
Wealth, for example in the form of shares , term deposits , and motor vehicles
.
3.
Household
expectations , if people expect prices of goods will rise , then they will buy
/ shopping items .
4.
Interest
rate , interest rate savings when high / rising , so people find it more
profitable if the money saved rather than spent. means between the interest
rate and consumption levels have a negative correlation .
5.
Taxation ,
taxation will reduce disposable income received by the public , as a result
will reduce consumption .
6.
Amount and
Consumption of population , the population of which many will increase
consumption . While the composition of the population of productive age
population dominated / working age ( 15-64 years ) will increase the level of
consumption .
7.
Socio-cultural
factors , for example , the changing pattern of eating habits , ethics and
values change because they want to emulate other communities that are
considered more modern . An example is the changing shopping habits of the
Indonesian traditional markets to supermarkets ( super market ) .
Savings function
1.
Savings is
the difference between income with consumption
2.
Y = C + S
3.
S = Y – C
4.
The S = Y -
( C0 + bY )
5.
S = Y - C0 –
bY
6.
Thus : S = -
C0 + ( 1 - b ) Y
Information
1.
C0 = -
magnitude savings when consumer incomes zero , negative values as zero income
unthinkable save
2.
( 1 - b ) =
Marginal Provensity to Saving ( MPS )
3.
0 < MPS
< 1
4.
The MPC = ΔS
/ ΔY
5.
Breakeven
Point : ( Y , 0 ) where S = 0